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References (参考文献)

规范性参考文献 (Normative References)​

本文档引用了以下文献作为互联网协议规范的基础：

[1] Cerf, V.​

"The Catenet Model for Internetworking"
Information Processing Techniques Office
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
IEN 48, July 1978.

介绍了"catenet"概念，即互连网络系统的集合

[2] BBN​

"Specifications for the Interconnection of a Host and an IMP"
BBN Report 1822
Bolt Beranek and Newman
Cambridge, Massachusetts, May 1978.

ARPANET主机与IMP (Interface Message Processor) 的连接规范

[3] Postel, J.​

"Internet Control Message Protocol - DARPA Internet Program Protocol Specification"
RFC 792
USC/Information Sciences Institute, September 1981.

互联网控制消息协议（ICMP）规范

[4] Shoch, J.​

"Inter-Network Naming, Addressing, and Routing"
COMPCON 79, IEEE, September 1979.

讨论了名称、地址和路由之间的区别

[5] Postel, J.​

"Address Mappings"
RFC 796
USC/Information Sciences Institute, September 1981.

IP地址到本地网络地址的映射示例

[6] Shoch, J.​

"Packet Fragmentation in Inter-Network Protocols"
Computer Networks, v. 3, n. 1, February 1979.

分组分段技术的理论基础

[7] Strazisar, V.​

"Gateway Routing: An Implementation Specification"
IEN 30
Bolt Beranek and Newman, April 1979.

网关路由协议规范（GGP的前身）

[8] Postel, J.​

"Service Mappings"
RFC 795
USC/Information Sciences Institute, September 1981.

服务类型到实际网络服务的映射

[9] Postel, J.​

"Assigned Numbers"
RFC 790
USC/Information Sciences Institute, September 1981.

协议号、端口号等分配的数字

相关RFC文档​

核心协议​

RFC 768 - User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
J. Postel, August 1980
传输层无连接协议

RFC 792 - Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
J. Postel, September 1981
互联网控制消息协议，用于错误报告和诊断

RFC 793 - Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
J. Postel, September 1981
传输层可靠连接协议

RFC 826 - Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
D. Plummer, November 1982
以太网地址解析协议

RFC 894 - IP over Ethernet
C. Hornig, April 1984
IP数据报在以太网上的封装

地址和路由​

RFC 950 - Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure
J. Mogul, J. Postel, August 1985
子网划分标准

RFC 1122 - Requirements for Internet Hosts
R. Braden, October 1989
互联网主机要求

RFC 1123 - Requirements for Internet Hosts - Application and Support
R. Braden, October 1989
互联网主机要求 - 应用和支持

RFC 1812 - Requirements for IP Version 4 Routers
F. Baker, June 1995
IPv4路由器要求

地址分配​

RFC 1918 - Address Allocation for Private Internets
Y. Rekhter, et al., February 1996
私有网络地址分配

RFC 1918 - Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
V. Fuller, et al., September 1993
无类别域间路由

IPv4的演进​

RFC 2474 - Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers
K. Nichols, et al., December 1998
区分服务字段（取代ToS）

RFC 2675 - IPv6 Jumbograms
D. Borman, et al., August 1999
IPv6巨型数据报

RFC 3022 - Traditional IP Network Address Translator (Traditional NAT)
P. Srisuresh, K. Egevang, January 2001
传统NAT

IPv6​

RFC 2460 - Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification
S. Deering, R. Hinden, December 1998
IPv6规范，IPv4的继承者

RFC 4291 - IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture
R. Hinden, S. Deering, February 2006
IPv6地址架构

历史文档​

RFC 791替代和废止了以下文档：

  • RFC 760 - DoD Standard Internet Protocol (1980年1月)
  • IEN 128 - Internet Protocol
  • IEN 123 - Internet Protocol
  • IEN 111 - Internet Protocol
  • IEN 80 - Internet Protocol
  • IEN 54 - Internet Protocol
  • IEN 44 - Internet Protocol
  • IEN 41 - Internet Protocol
  • IEN 28 - Internet Protocol
  • IEN 26 - Internet Protocol

实现和测试​

标准符合性测试​

RFC 1025 - TCP and IP Bake Off
J. Postel, September 1987
TCP/IP实现测试活动

RFC 2780 - IANA Allocation Guidelines For Values In the Internet Protocol and Related Headers
S. Bradner, V. Paxson, May 2000
IP头部字段值的IANA分配指南

安全考虑​

RFC 1858 - Security Considerations for IP Fragment Filtering
G. Ziemba, et al., October 1995
IP分段过滤的安全考虑

RFC 3128 - Protection Against a Variant of the Tiny Fragment Attack
I. Miller, June 2001
防范微小分段攻击

在线资源​

官方资源​

教育资源​

  • TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1 by W. Richard Stevens
  • Computer Networks by Andrew S. Tanenbaum
  • Internet Core Protocols: The Definitive Guide by Eric Hall

相关标准​

ISO/OSI参考模型​

  • ISO 7498 - OSI参考模型
  • ISO 8348 - 网络层服务定义

IEEE标准​

  • IEEE 802.3 - Ethernet
  • IEEE 802.11 - Wireless LAN

更新和勘误​

RFC 791自1981年发布以来一直是互联网标准（STD 5）。虽然协议规范本身没有被更新，但实践中的许多方面已经演进：

主要更新:

  • 服务类型（ToS）字段被区分服务（DS）字段取代 (RFC 2474)
  • 引入了CIDR以缓解地址耗尽 (RFC 1918, RFC 1519)
  • 路径MTU发现成为标准实践 (RFC 1191)

IPv6的到来:

  • RFC 2460定义了IPv6，是IPv4的长期替代方案
  • IPv6提供了128位地址空间和简化的头部格式
  • IPv4和IPv6预计将长期共存

注意: RFC 791定义的IPv4协议至今仍在广泛使用。理解本文档对于网络工程、系统管理和安全分析都至关重要。

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