RFC 7231 - Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics and Content

Published (发布日期): June 2014
Status (状态): Standards Track (Obsoleted by RFC 9110)
Authors (作者): R. Fielding (Ed.), J. Reschke (Ed.)

---

Abstract (摘要)

The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a stateless application-level protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypertext information systems. This document defines the semantics of HTTP/1.1 messages, as expressed by request methods, request header fields, response status codes, and response header fields, along with the payload of messages (metadata and body content) and mechanisms for content negotiation.

超文本传输协议(HTTP)是一个用于分布式、协作式超文本信息系统的无状态应用层协议。本文档定义了HTTP/1.1消息的语义,包括请求方法、请求头字段、响应状态码和响应头字段所表达的语义,以及消息载荷(元数据和主体内容)和内容协商机制。

---

Table of Contents (目录)

Core Sections (核心章节)

• 1. Introduction (简介)

  • 1.1 Conformance and Error Handling (一致性与错误处理)
  • 1.2 Syntax Notation (语法标记)

• 2. Resources (资源)

• 3. Representations (表示)

  • 3.1 Representation Metadata (表示元数据)
  • 3.2 Representation Data (表示数据)
  • 3.3 Payload Semantics (载荷语义)
  • 3.4 Content Negotiation (内容协商)

• 4. Request Methods (请求方法) ⭐

  • 4.1 Overview (概述)
  • 4.2 Common Method Properties (通用方法属性)
    • 4.2.1 Safe Methods (安全方法)
    • 4.2.2 Idempotent Methods (幂等方法)
    • 4.2.3 Cacheable Methods (可缓存方法)
  • 4.3 Method Definitions (方法定义)
    • 4.3.1 GET
    • 4.3.2 HEAD
    • 4.3.3 POST
    • 4.3.4 PUT
    • 4.3.5 DELETE
    • 4.3.6 CONNECT
    • 4.3.7 OPTIONS
    • 4.3.8 TRACE

• 5. Request Header Fields (请求头字段)

  • 5.1 Controls (控制)
  • 5.2 Conditionals (条件)
  • 5.3 Content Negotiation (内容协商)
  • 5.4 Authentication Credentials (认证凭证)
  • 5.5 Request Context (请求上下文)

• 6. Response Status Codes (响应状态码)

  • 6.1 Overview of Status Codes (状态码概述)
  • 6.2 Informational 1xx (信息性响应)
  • 6.3 Successful 2xx (成功响应)
  • 6.4 Redirection 3xx (重定向)
  • 6.5 Client Error 4xx (客户端错误)
  • 6.6 Server Error 5xx (服务器错误)

• 7. Response Header Fields (响应头字段)

  • 7.1 Control Data (控制数据)
  • 7.2 Validator Header Fields (验证器头字段)
  • 7.3 Authentication Challenges (认证质询)
  • 7.4 Response Context (响应上下文)

• 8. IANA Considerations (IANA注意事项)

• 9. Security Considerations (安全考虑)

• 10. Acknowledgments (致谢)

• 11. References (参考文献)

  • 11.1 Normative References (规范性引用)
  • 11.2 Informative References (资料性引用)

Appendices (附录)

• Appendix A. Changes from RFC 2616 (与RFC 2616的变更)
• Appendix B. Imported ABNF (导入的ABNF)
• Appendix C. Collected ABNF (收集的ABNF)
• Appendix D. Index (索引)

---

Copyright Notice (版权声明)

Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.

---

Related Resources (相关资源)

• Official Text (官方文本): RFC 7231 (TXT)
• Official Page (官方页面): RFC 7231 DataTracker
• Obsoletes (废弃): RFC 2616
• Obsoleted By (被废弃): RFC 9110 (HTTP Semantics)

---

Key Features (关键特性)

HTTP Method Properties (HTTP方法属性)

本文档详细定义了HTTP方法的三个核心属性:

1. Safe Methods (安全方法): 只读操作,不会改变服务器状态
2. Idempotent Methods (幂等方法): 多次执行与单次执行效果相同
3. Cacheable Methods (可缓存方法): 响应可以被缓存

Method Summary (方法摘要)

Method	Safe	Idempotent	Cacheable
GET	✅	✅	✅
HEAD	✅	✅	✅
POST	❌	❌	⚠️
PUT	❌	✅	❌
DELETE	❌	✅	❌
CONNECT	❌	❌	❌
OPTIONS	✅	✅	❌
TRACE	✅	✅	❌

---